Eurasian nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes) is found from southern Scandinavia east through Russia to Siberia, China, Taiwan, and Japan. There are also some local populations in southern Europe. This 12 to 13 inch bird has a black cape, black wings, and black tail. However, the breast and back is marked with white spots. The rump is white. There are several recognized subspecies.

There are 10 subspecies mentioned in Clements 2007. The nominate subspecies ssp caryocatactes is found from Scandinavia south to northern and eastern Europe. The subspecies japonica is found in Japan. The other 8 subspecies are found in northern Asia to Korea and south to Iran, India, and Taiwan.

Crows and Jays (Sub Family Corvidae) are large birds that are found almost worldwide. There are about 120 species in the family. Many of the species are very aggressive, and many of them are known for their intelligence.
Earlier authors placed other groups as part of this larger crow group: Crows and jays (Corvidae), birds of paradise (Paradisidae), and butcherbids, woodswallows, and currawongs (Artamidae). Many authors still treat each of these three groups as full families. Herein we treat these as separate families or separate subfamilies.

0 Steve Madge noted in 1994-1999 that at least 22 species are endangered.

The typical Corvoidae (Corvoidea - Part II) is a large group of crow like birds found almost worldwide. Crows, ravens, magpies, jays, butcherbirds, bird of paradise birds, vireos, and relatives are found here.

In most modern bird taxonomies, the perching birds (Passeriformes) is treated as a single order. This large order has about 5739 different species. A common characteristic of this order is three forward toes and one reverse pointing toe. Most of species are also characterized by a tendon locking mechanism that permits their feet to lock onto branches when they relax. Recently, Monroe and Sibley in 1993 have divided this large order into six main divisions. To help our users navigate this gigantic number of species, we have arbitrarily placed these 6 different divisions at the order level.

This division can be referred to as:
Order Passeriformes (5739 species)
Suborder Passeri (4580 species)
Parvorder Corvida (1103 species)

Aves contains about 8,650 different species of living birds known to science. Each year about one new species is discovered in some remote rain forest or remote island. In addition, scientists have been raising many subspecies to full species status which may raise the species count to 10,000. Birdlife recognizes 10,027 species as of 2011.

However, each year about one species goes extinct. The rate of extinction is increasing, and the rate of new discovery is decreasing, so that the number of bird species will soon begin to decline rapidly. Although different taxonomists would organize the birds differently, there are approximately twenty-seven orders of birds. These orders are broken down into about one hundred and fifty-five different families.

Recent research of the genetic structure of some of the shore birds and owls would indicate that the present organization of orders and families should have some modification.

The birds are a worldwide group of animals that are characterized by having the front limbs modified into wings that are used for flying. Perhaps the most unique feature of the birds is the feathers. These feathers are made up of a central support called a quill and a series of small filaments that are hooked together as barbs.

For many years it was believed that Archaeopteryx discovered in Bavaria was the oldest bird from about 150 million years ago. However, in l986, Sankar Chattterjee, a Texas paleontologist, reportedly discovered a bird in the genus Protoavis that lived about 225 million years ago.

When this project was begun in 1978, we used Austin & Singer for bird taxonomy. Since then, we have adopted many changes, but have kept some older concepts that are still found widely in the literature. Recently, we have used Clements and Howard & Moore. Very recently, we have used Monroe and Sibley for the higher taxonomy of the perching birds.

Backboned Animals (Phylum Chordata) are the most advanced group of animals on earth. These animals are characterized by having a spinal cord or backbone. Most members have a clearly defined brain that controls the organism through a spinal cord. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are in this phylum.

Currently, some taxonomists believe that the fish should be divided into two groups (sharks and regular fishes) and that there are some other primitive groups in the phylum such as hagfish or lampreys.

Animal Kingdom contains numerous organisms that feed on other animals or plants. Included in the animal kingdom are the lower marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals, the jointed legged animals such as insects and spiders, and the backboned animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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