Club Moss (Lycopodium cernuum) is found almost world wide in the tropics. This is known as far north as Japan, and as far south as South Africa. Kartesz moves this species to Lycopodiella cernua var. cernua. This can be found in Hawaii in bogs. John Hall notes the stalks can be up to 3 feet high with numerous branches. There is a nice image on page 128 in Sohmer and Gustafson. This species was originally named by Linnaeus.

Club Mosses (Class Lycopodiinae) are a group of evergreen moss like plants with about 500 species known. There are about 80 species known in greater North America. The Club Mosses can be terrestrial or epiphytic plants. The club mosses have branching stems and branching roots and numerous small leaves arranged in spirals, whorls, or pairs. Reproduction is by spores that appear singularly on stems or on leaves near the leaf axils.

Fern Phylum (Pteridophyta) is a large group of primarily tropical plants that typically reproduce by a complicated process involving spores. There are typically two different generations involved in the reproductive process.

Although Ferns have vascular tissue, they are separated from the seed plants in that ferns grow directly from the fertilized zygote. There are probably over 9,000 species in this group worldwide. In prehistoric times, this phylum was the predominant plant phylum on earth. Most of the coal and oil used for energy today derives from this phylum.

Although they are still numerous in moist areas, ferns have generally been replaced by seed plants. Most ferns are small to medium-sized plants. However, there are tree ferns in the tropics.

The Fern phylum is divided into several classes including:
Horsetails - Class Articulate or Class Equisetinae
Club Mosses - Class Lycopodiinae
Psilotes - Psilotinae Class
Quillworts - Class Isoetinae
Ferns - Class Filicinae

The first four classes are very primitive when compared to the last or fern class. Some authors have suggested that the fern class is more closely related to the seed plants than the first four classes.

Kartesz finds 27 different families in the Pteridophyta. He finds 893 full species growing in greater North America, including Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Greenland.

Plant kingdom contains a large variety of different organisms including mosses, ferns, and seed plants. Most plants manufacture their energy from sunlight and water. Identification of many species is difficult in that most individual plants have characteristics that have variables based on soil moisture, soil chemistry, and sunlight.

Because of the difficulty in learning and identifying different plant groups, specialists have emerged that study only a limited group of plants. These specialists revise the taxonomy and give us detailed descriptions and ranges of the various species. Their results are published in technical journals and written with highly specialized words that apply to a specific group.

On the other hand, there are the nature publishers. These people and companies undertake the challenging task of trying to provide easy to use pictures and descriptions to identify those species.

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