White rump shama (Copsychus malabaricus) is a wide ranging species found from Nepal and Assam south through India to Sri Lanka (Ceylon). This is also found west to southern China and south to Thailand and Indochina. This is then found further south to Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. Furthermore, there are different named subspecies for many of the smaller islands and smaller island groups in western and central Indonesia.

This bird has a beautiful song, and in past years it was exported to Europe to the pet trade.

Clements lists 20 different subspecies. We only list several of the mainland and large island forms: The nominate subspecies ssp malabaricus is found in southern peninsula India. The subspecies leggei is found in Sri Lanka (Ceylon). The subspecies indicus is found from Nepal and Assam into north eastern India. The subspecies albiventris is found on the Andaman Islands.

The subspecies interpositus is found in Thailand, Myanmar, Indochina, and into south western China. The subspecies minor is found in Hainan in China.

The subspecies mallopercnus found in Malaysia. The subspecies tricolor is found in Sumatra and western Java. The subspecies javanus and omissus are found in central and eastern Java respectively. The subspecies suavis is found in central and southern Borneo.

The shama genus and magpie-robin genus (Copsychus) is found in Madagascar and the Seychelles east to India, south eastern Asia, Borneo, and the Philippines. There are 8 species in this genus. Most male members of this genus are dark blue-black with white patches. The females can be brown to black and white. The white rumped shama of southern Asia is about 11 inches in length. Other species are 6.5 inches to 8 inches in length. Several species are known for their singing abilities.

The Howard and Moore checklist of 2003 shows only 7 species. (The change is that Copsychus stricklandii of northern Borneo is now placed as a subspecies of Copsychus malabaricus. )

The Saxicolini tribe has about 156 species divided among about 30 genera. Most of the species are from Africa with the balance from Eurasia and the Indo-Australian region.

In most modern bird taxonomies, the perching birds (Passeriformes) is treated as a single order. This large order has about 5739 different species. Recently, Monroe and Sibley in 1993 have divided this large order into six main divisions. To help our users navigate this gigantic number of species, we have arbitrarily placed these 6 different divisions at the order level in our taxonomy tree.

This Muscicapoidea division can be referred to as:
Order Passeriformes (5739 species)
Suborder Passeri (4580 species)
Parvorder Passerida (3473 species)
Superfamily Muscicapoidea (613 species)

This superfamily of Muscicapoides is divided into families without a common agreement as to the precise division. Thrushes, robins, rock thrushes, starlings, chats, wheatears, and others belong here.

In most modern bird taxonomies, the perching birds (Passeriformes) is treated as a single order. This large order has about 5739 different species. A common characteristic of this order is three forward toes and one reverse pointing toe. Most of species are also characterized by a tendon locking mechanism that permits their feet to lock onto branches when they relax. Recently, Monroe and Sibley in 1993 have divided this large order into six main divisions. To help our users navigate this gigantic number of species, we have arbitrarily placed these 6 different divisions at the order level.

This division can be referred to as:
Order Passeriformes (5739 species)
Suborder Passeri (4580 species)
Parvorder Passerida (3473 species)

This large Passerida group can be divided into 3 additional groups as follows:
Superfamily Muscicapoidea (613)
Superfamily Sylvioidea (1204)
Superfamily Passeroidea (1656) 613 + 1204 + 1656 =3473

Aves contains about 8,650 different species of living birds known to science. Each year about one new species is discovered in some remote rain forest or remote island. In addition, scientists have been raising many subspecies to full species status which may raise the species count to 10,000. Birdlife recognizes 10,027 species as of 2011.

However, each year about one species goes extinct. The rate of extinction is increasing, and the rate of new discovery is decreasing, so that the number of bird species will soon begin to decline rapidly. Although different taxonomists would organize the birds differently, there are approximately twenty-seven orders of birds. These orders are broken down into about one hundred and fifty-five different families.

Recent research of the genetic structure of some of the shore birds and owls would indicate that the present organization of orders and families should have some modification.

The birds are a worldwide group of animals that are characterized by having the front limbs modified into wings that are used for flying. Perhaps the most unique feature of the birds is the feathers. These feathers are made up of a central support called a quill and a series of small filaments that are hooked together as barbs.

For many years it was believed that Archaeopteryx discovered in Bavaria was the oldest bird from about 150 million years ago. However, in l986, Sankar Chattterjee, a Texas paleontologist, reportedly discovered a bird in the genus Protoavis that lived about 225 million years ago.

When this project was begun in 1978, we used Austin & Singer for bird taxonomy. Since then, we have adopted many changes, but have kept some older concepts that are still found widely in the literature. Recently, we have used Clements and Howard & Moore. Very recently, we have used Monroe and Sibley for the higher taxonomy of the perching birds.

Backboned Animals (Phylum Chordata) are the most advanced group of animals on earth. These animals are characterized by having a spinal cord or backbone. Most members have a clearly defined brain that controls the organism through a spinal cord. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are in this phylum.

Currently, some taxonomists believe that the fish should be divided into two groups (sharks and regular fishes) and that there are some other primitive groups in the phylum such as hagfish or lampreys.

Animal Kingdom contains numerous organisms that feed on other animals or plants. Included in the animal kingdom are the lower marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals, the jointed legged animals such as insects and spiders, and the backboned animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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