Olive ibis (Bostrychia olivacea) is a rare species found from Sierra Leone and Liberia to Gabon.

There are five subspecies. The nominate subspecies is found from Sierra Leone to Ivory Coast in western Africa. The subspecies cupreipennis is found in south western Africa from Cameroon to Zaire. The subspecies rothschildi is now probably extinct was from Principe Island off the coast of western Africa. The subspecies bocagei is found on Sao Tome Island. (These islands are both near the Equator and opposite and near Gabon in western Africa.) The subspecies akleyorum is found in the mountains of Kenya and Tanzania.

Dwarf Olive Ibis (Bostrychia olivacea bocagei) found on Sao Tome Island is considered critically endangered.

The Bostrychia genus of ibis is found in the Old World primarily in Africa. There are four species. These birds vary in size. The wattled ibis is 34 inches, the hadada ibis is 30 inches in length, and the spot breasted is only 18 inches in length. The predominant color is brown, and the legs are generally only of medium length. The hadada ibis is sometimes placed in its own genus, Hagedashia, leaving only three species in this genus.

Ibis and Spoonbill group (Family Threskiornithidae) contains 28 species of medium-sized shore birds characterized usually by a lack of head feathers.

Stork and Heron group (Order Ciconiiformes) is made up of birds with long legs that usually are found near the shores of bodies of water. Their long legs let them wade through the shallow water looking for food. Fossil remains indicate these birds have been around for at least 100 million years. There are about 114 living species in this group.

Aves contains about 8,650 different species of living birds known to science. Each year about one new species is discovered in some remote rain forest or remote island. In addition, scientists have been raising many subspecies to full species status which may raise the species count to 10,000. Birdlife recognizes 10,027 species as of 2011.

However, each year about one species goes extinct. The rate of extinction is increasing, and the rate of new discovery is decreasing, so that the number of bird species will soon begin to decline rapidly. Although different taxonomists would organize the birds differently, there are approximately twenty-seven orders of birds. These orders are broken down into about one hundred and fifty-five different families.

Recent research of the genetic structure of some of the shore birds and owls would indicate that the present organization of orders and families should have some modification.

The birds are a worldwide group of animals that are characterized by having the front limbs modified into wings that are used for flying. Perhaps the most unique feature of the birds is the feathers. These feathers are made up of a central support called a quill and a series of small filaments that are hooked together as barbs.

For many years it was believed that Archaeopteryx discovered in Bavaria was the oldest bird from about 150 million years ago. However, in l986, Sankar Chattterjee, a Texas paleontologist, reportedly discovered a bird in the genus Protoavis that lived about 225 million years ago.

When this project was begun in 1978, we used Austin & Singer for bird taxonomy. Since then, we have adopted many changes, but have kept some older concepts that are still found widely in the literature. Recently, we have used Clements and Howard & Moore. Very recently, we have used Monroe and Sibley for the higher taxonomy of the perching birds.

Backboned Animals (Phylum Chordata) are the most advanced group of animals on earth. These animals are characterized by having a spinal cord or backbone. Most members have a clearly defined brain that controls the organism through a spinal cord. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are in this phylum.

Currently, some taxonomists believe that the fish should be divided into two groups (sharks and regular fishes) and that there are some other primitive groups in the phylum such as hagfish or lampreys.

Animal Kingdom contains numerous organisms that feed on other animals or plants. Included in the animal kingdom are the lower marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals, the jointed legged animals such as insects and spiders, and the backboned animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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