Brown jacamar (Brachygalba lugubris)is found widely yet sporadically on the mainland of South America. This can be found as far north as eastern Colombia and as far south as eastern Bolivia. This is found in the Guyanas and northern Brazil. This is also found in eastern Peru. This 7 inch jacamar has black wings and a brown head and brown back. The breast is dark to pale brown. The belly is white.

There are7 listed subspecies in Howard and Moore as of 2003. The nominate subspecies, Brachygalba lugubris lugubris, is found from eastern Venezuela into the Guayanas and then further east into northern Brazil. The subspecies fulviventris is found in eastern Colombia. The subspecies caquetae is found from southern Colombia south into eastern Peru. The subspecies obscuriceps is found locally in southern Venezuela and northwestern Brazil. The subspecies naumbergi is found in northeastern Brazil. The subspecies phaeonota is found in west central Brazil. The final subspecies, B. lugubris melanosterna is found in eastern Bolivia and into adjacent Brazil.

The jacamars (Family Galbulidae) are found from Mexico south to Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. There are 18 species spread among 5 different genera. This family includes several quite colorful species. These birds have elongated stout bills. The members of this family remain perched, and then dart after flying insects.

The largest genus is Galbula with 10 species. The genus Brachygalea contains 4 species. The genera galbalcyrhynchus(2), Jacamaralcyon(1), and Jacamerops(1) also belong here.

Woodpeckers and Toucans (Order Piciformes) are separated from most other birds by an unusual tendon and foot arrangement that includes two forward and two rear pointing toes. There are six families in this order. Most species in this order have unusual bills adapted for their unique way of obtaining food.

Some taxonomists place the puffbirds and jacamars in various places in the taxonomy tree. We have included the puffbirds (Bucconidae) and jacamars (Galbulidae) herein.

Aves contains about 8,650 different species of living birds known to science. Each year about one new species is discovered in some remote rain forest or remote island. In addition, scientists have been raising many subspecies to full species status which may raise the species count to 10,000. Birdlife recognizes 10,027 species as of 2011.

However, each year about one species goes extinct. The rate of extinction is increasing, and the rate of new discovery is decreasing, so that the number of bird species will soon begin to decline rapidly. Although different taxonomists would organize the birds differently, there are approximately twenty-seven orders of birds. These orders are broken down into about one hundred and fifty-five different families.

Recent research of the genetic structure of some of the shore birds and owls would indicate that the present organization of orders and families should have some modification.

The birds are a worldwide group of animals that are characterized by having the front limbs modified into wings that are used for flying. Perhaps the most unique feature of the birds is the feathers. These feathers are made up of a central support called a quill and a series of small filaments that are hooked together as barbs.

For many years it was believed that Archaeopteryx discovered in Bavaria was the oldest bird from about 150 million years ago. However, in l986, Sankar Chattterjee, a Texas paleontologist, reportedly discovered a bird in the genus Protoavis that lived about 225 million years ago.

When this project was begun in 1978, we used Austin & Singer for bird taxonomy. Since then, we have adopted many changes, but have kept some older concepts that are still found widely in the literature. Recently, we have used Clements and Howard & Moore. Very recently, we have used Monroe and Sibley for the higher taxonomy of the perching birds.

Backboned Animals (Phylum Chordata) are the most advanced group of animals on earth. These animals are characterized by having a spinal cord or backbone. Most members have a clearly defined brain that controls the organism through a spinal cord. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are in this phylum.

Currently, some taxonomists believe that the fish should be divided into two groups (sharks and regular fishes) and that there are some other primitive groups in the phylum such as hagfish or lampreys.

Animal Kingdom contains numerous organisms that feed on other animals or plants. Included in the animal kingdom are the lower marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals, the jointed legged animals such as insects and spiders, and the backboned animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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