Little Bittern (Ixobrychus minutus) is found widely in the Eurasian region from Europe to the Orient and south into the African and Australian regions. This also breeds in NW India. This also breeds along the eastern and south western coasts of Australia. The black, pink, and brown color and small size (fourteen inches) help identify this widespread species.

There are four recognized subspecies for this wide ranging species. The nominate subspecies is found from Europe to Siberia and south to Northern Africa. The subspecies payesii is found in Africa south of the Sahara. The subspecies podiceps is found in Madagascar. The subspecies dubius is found in Australia and New Guinea.

Here we show the subspecies payesii that is found from Senegal east to Yemen in (Arabia) and south to the Cape Province of South Africa. Although found widely in Africa, it is certainly not found everywhere.

The bittern genus (Ixobrychus) is found almost worldwide. There are representatives in Eurasia, Africa, North and South America, and even Australia. There are 8 species. These are small bitterns normally standing less than one foot high. Although the sexes are very similar, there are differences in color. Although these birds feed primarily on insects, they will also take minnows, frogs, salamanders, and crustaceans.

Bittern and Heron group (Family Ardeidae) has over 60 species of birds with worldwide distribution. The unequal vertebrae in the neck causes many species of herons to carry their neck in a curved position. Long legs adapted to wading and feeding in marshy areas is typical of most herons of the order.

There are 65 species in this family with another 11 subspecies that can be given full species status.

The genera Egretta, Pilherodius, Ardea, Casmerodius, Mesophoyx, Bubulcus, Ardeola, Butorides, Agamia, Nyctanassa, Nycticorax, Gorsachius, Cochlearius, Tigrisoma, Zonerodius, Tigriornis, Zebrilus, Ixobrychus, Dupetor, Syrigma, and Botaurus belong here.

Stork and Heron group (Order Ciconiiformes) is made up of birds with long legs that usually are found near the shores of bodies of water. Their long legs let them wade through the shallow water looking for food. Fossil remains indicate these birds have been around for at least 100 million years. There are about 114 living species in this group.

Aves contains about 8,650 different species of living birds known to science. Each year about one new species is discovered in some remote rain forest or remote island. In addition, scientists have been raising many subspecies to full species status which may raise the species count to 10,000. Birdlife recognizes 10,027 species as of 2011.

However, each year about one species goes extinct. The rate of extinction is increasing, and the rate of new discovery is decreasing, so that the number of bird species will soon begin to decline rapidly. Although different taxonomists would organize the birds differently, there are approximately twenty-seven orders of birds. These orders are broken down into about one hundred and fifty-five different families.

Recent research of the genetic structure of some of the shore birds and owls would indicate that the present organization of orders and families should have some modification.

The birds are a worldwide group of animals that are characterized by having the front limbs modified into wings that are used for flying. Perhaps the most unique feature of the birds is the feathers. These feathers are made up of a central support called a quill and a series of small filaments that are hooked together as barbs.

For many years it was believed that Archaeopteryx discovered in Bavaria was the oldest bird from about 150 million years ago. However, in l986, Sankar Chattterjee, a Texas paleontologist, reportedly discovered a bird in the genus Protoavis that lived about 225 million years ago.

When this project was begun in 1978, we used Austin & Singer for bird taxonomy. Since then, we have adopted many changes, but have kept some older concepts that are still found widely in the literature. Recently, we have used Clements and Howard & Moore. Very recently, we have used Monroe and Sibley for the higher taxonomy of the perching birds.

Backboned Animals (Phylum Chordata) are the most advanced group of animals on earth. These animals are characterized by having a spinal cord or backbone. Most members have a clearly defined brain that controls the organism through a spinal cord. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are in this phylum.

Currently, some taxonomists believe that the fish should be divided into two groups (sharks and regular fishes) and that there are some other primitive groups in the phylum such as hagfish or lampreys.

Animal Kingdom contains numerous organisms that feed on other animals or plants. Included in the animal kingdom are the lower marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals, the jointed legged animals such as insects and spiders, and the backboned animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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