Black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) is found in southern South America from northern Argentina and Paraguay to Mato Grosso and further west to Bolivia. They can have a head and body length up to of 61 centimeters and a tail length up to 65 centimeters for a maximum of about 125 centimeters (49 inches). The male is black or dark brown. The female is much paler and can be yellowish to pale brown. This monkey travels in troops of usually less than 10 individuals.

This lifeform is listed in Appendix II in Sites as lower risk.

Howler monkeys (Genus Alouatta) contain about 9-10 species. These monkeys can be found from Mexico and Guatemala south to Bolivia and Argentina. These are large monkeys up to 36 inches in head and body length. These monkeys are primarily vegetarians. Howler monkeys spend most of their time sitting around and digesting their leaf diet. Howler monkeys have prehensile tails. They then feed on the bacteria and chemicals that result from the decaying leaves in their stomachs.

found from Central America south to Bolivia. One species is found as far north as Veracruz and Oaxaca in Mexico. These monkeys usually have long beards giving their face an elongated appearance. Their tails are referred to as prehensile which means they are muscular and can grasp something and support the weight of the animal.

These are among the larger primates of South America. As of 2005 taxonomic reviews and revisions are not yet completed with this group of animals.

New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines) are found from southern Central America, south through most of tropical South America. They are characterized by having their nostrils far apart and by the fact that they spend most of their lives in trees. Most species are small mammals with very long tails. Marmosets and squirrel monkeys are included herein. The term Platyrrhini refers to flat noses. New World monkeys are generally small.

This family earlier was divided into New World monkeys (Cebidae) with eighty-two lifeforms, and the tamarins and marmosets (Callitrichidae) with forty-three lifeforms. (These numbers are controversial as there is no universal agreement upon species and subspecies.)

The Wilson-Reeder 2005 World Check List of Mammals has counted 128 species and divided this group into four families: Cebidae (including Callitrihinae, Cebinae, and Saimiriinae), Aotidae, Pithecidae(including Callicebinae and Pitheciinae), and Atelidae (including Alouattinae and Atelinae).

We have divided this complex into and families and subfamilies and placed them in alphabetical order. (There is not universal agreement yet, so separating these groups in this manner might be helpful.)

Lemurs, Monkeys, Apes, and Man are combined into the single order of Primates. This order contains about 390 different species. The Wilson Reeder 2005 world check list of mammals lists 376 species. (They did not include the newer order Scandentia of tree shrews with its 20 species.)

Ian Redmond presents a taxonomy tree that involves the order, two sub-orders, several infraorders, several superfamilies, several families, and several subfamilies. We support this complicated and valuable analyses of the primate order. However, our mission is to help identify species, and we have reduced the five intermediate taxonomic levels between order and genus to two levels to facilitate a quick taxonomic drill down.

Mammals (Class Mammalia), together with the birds, are among the youngest of the classes of animals. In species count, mammals number about fifty-one hundred, trailing reptiles (approximately fifty-five hundred), fish (approximately eighteen thousand), and birds (approximately eighty-six hundred).

There are three sub-types of mammals:

monotremes, the most primitive:
Develop in reptilian-like eggs and suckle milk emerging (i.e., spiny anteater, duckbilled platypus)
marsupials
Newborn emerges very underdeveloped and continue to mature in a pouch on its mother's abdomen (i.e., opossums, koala, kangaroo)
placental
Embryo develops within the uterus of the female and is dependent on a placenta for nutrition and waste removal (i.e., humans, lions, monkeys)

About sixty-five million years ago, the Tertiary era produced thirty-five orders of mammals. Of this number, eighteen have survived to represent Earth's most diversified as well as its most highly developed classification of animals.

Extinction of mammals is fast becoming a serious issue. Duff and Lawson present a list of forty-one extinct species that reached extinction prior to 1800. These forty-one species are not acknowledged in the counts of the various families. Duff and Lawson also present a list of forty-six species including three gazelles, one zebra, one seal, one deer, and one wolf that have probably gone extinct since 1800. These forty-six species are included in the family counts. Science is adding about forty to fifty new species a year to the list. Many of these are the result of divisions of prior species; some are recent discoveries.

Mammals owe their survival to adaptive capabilities that include the ability to exploit whatever sources of food are available to them, as well as their ability to adjust to various climes. Food specialization influenced evolution to such a great extent that the teeth structure can and has been used to provide extensive information on the food needs and various lifestyles of extinct species.

Despite the vast diversity among mammals in terms of size, habitats and adaptations, they share without exception many characteristics such as:

a. body hair
b. mammary glands
c. certain skull characteristics
d. four limbs that permit speed
e. parallel not perpendicular limbs
f. compartmentalized internal organs
g. a four-chambered heart and pulmonary circulation

Backboned Animals (Phylum Chordata) are the most advanced group of animals on earth. These animals are characterized by having a spinal cord or backbone. Most members have a clearly defined brain that controls the organism through a spinal cord. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are in this phylum.

Currently, some taxonomists believe that the fish should be divided into two groups (sharks and regular fishes) and that there are some other primitive groups in the phylum such as hagfish or lampreys.

Animal Kingdom contains numerous organisms that feed on other animals or plants. Included in the animal kingdom are the lower marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals, the jointed legged animals such as insects and spiders, and the backboned animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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