Arctic towhee or western rufous sided towhee (Pipilo erythropthalmus ssp articus) breeds widely in central North America from central Canada west to British Colombia and south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Texas. This species has a brown edged breast with a broad white stripe down the center. The back and head are dark colored. The wings and tail are dark with white. This species is usually about seven and a half to eight and a half inches in length.

There were five recognized species in H&M 2003. The nominate form is found from southern Canada and the eastern USA migrating to the southern USA.

The subspecies riley is native to the south eastern USA. The subspecies alleni is found in Florida.
The subspecies canaster is found in the south central USA migrating to the south east USA.
The subspecies arcticus is found form southern Canada into the central USA migrating to northern Mexico.

The subfamily Emberizinae is found in both the Old and New World. There are about 824 different species in this widespread and successful group. Buntings, Sparrows, Junco, Towhee, Brush-Finches, and others belong here.

This division can be referred to as Passeroides Part II Fringillidae:
Order Passeriformes (5739 species)
Suborder Passeri (4580 species)
Parvorder Passerida (3473 species)
Superfamily Passeroidea (1656 species)

The 1656 Passeroidea species can be broken into families:
Group I
Family Alaudidae (Larks)----(91)
Family Nectarinidae (Sunbirds)----(170)
Family Melanocharitidae (Berrypickers)----(10)
Family Paramythilidae (Berrypickers)----(2)
Family Passeridae (Sparrows-Pipit)----(388)
Group II
Family Fringillidae (Buntings-Finches)----(995)

In most modern bird taxonomies, the perching birds (Passeriformes) is treated as a single order. This large order has about 5739 different species. A common characteristic of this order is three forward toes and one reverse pointing toe. Most of species are also characterized by a tendon locking mechanism that permits their feet to lock onto branches when they relax. Recently, Monroe and Sibley in 1993 have divided this large order into six main divisions. To help our users navigate this gigantic number of species, we have arbitrarily placed these 6 different divisions at the order level.

This division can be referred to as:
Order Passeriformes (5739 species)
Suborder Passeri (4580 species)
Parvorder Passerida (3473 species)

This large Passerida group can be divided into 3 additional groups as follows:
Superfamily Muscicapoidea (613)
Superfamily Sylvioidea (1204)
Superfamily Passeroidea (1656) 613 + 1204 + 1656 =3473

Aves contains about 8,650 different species of living birds known to science. Each year about one new species is discovered in some remote rain forest or remote island. In addition, scientists have been raising many subspecies to full species status which may raise the species count to 10,000. Birdlife recognizes 10,027 species as of 2011.

However, each year about one species goes extinct. The rate of extinction is increasing, and the rate of new discovery is decreasing, so that the number of bird species will soon begin to decline rapidly. Although different taxonomists would organize the birds differently, there are approximately twenty-seven orders of birds. These orders are broken down into about one hundred and fifty-five different families.

Recent research of the genetic structure of some of the shore birds and owls would indicate that the present organization of orders and families should have some modification.

The birds are a worldwide group of animals that are characterized by having the front limbs modified into wings that are used for flying. Perhaps the most unique feature of the birds is the feathers. These feathers are made up of a central support called a quill and a series of small filaments that are hooked together as barbs.

For many years it was believed that Archaeopteryx discovered in Bavaria was the oldest bird from about 150 million years ago. However, in l986, Sankar Chattterjee, a Texas paleontologist, reportedly discovered a bird in the genus Protoavis that lived about 225 million years ago.

When this project was begun in 1978, we used Austin & Singer for bird taxonomy. Since then, we have adopted many changes, but have kept some older concepts that are still found widely in the literature. Recently, we have used Clements and Howard & Moore. Very recently, we have used Monroe and Sibley for the higher taxonomy of the perching birds.

Backboned Animals (Phylum Chordata) are the most advanced group of animals on earth. These animals are characterized by having a spinal cord or backbone. Most members have a clearly defined brain that controls the organism through a spinal cord. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are in this phylum.

Currently, some taxonomists believe that the fish should be divided into two groups (sharks and regular fishes) and that there are some other primitive groups in the phylum such as hagfish or lampreys.

Animal Kingdom contains numerous organisms that feed on other animals or plants. Included in the animal kingdom are the lower marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals, the jointed legged animals such as insects and spiders, and the backboned animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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